Summary: provide valuable insights into the evolution and influences of Buddhist art in India, starting from the Asoka period and progressing through the Gandhara school. The text discusses the representation of deities, such as Brahma and Sakka, the use of unique symbols like nimbus and thunderbolts, and the incorporation of Greek and Persian elements into Indian art. It highlights the importance of studying modern pantheons in Tibet, China, and Japan to decipher ancient Indian artistic types and to understand the history of Buddhist sects and hierarchies. With a focus on the development of artistic canons, the text emphasizes the significance of Buddhist literature in guiding the analysis of ancient representations, calling for further exploration of the subject to unravel the complexities of Buddhist artistry in India.