Summary: as to the changing cultural and artistic preferences of the time. The Western Indian school of miniature painting, as exemplified by the manuscripts in the collection of Jain Bhandars, showcases a transition from primitive vigour to more refined techniques. The early palm-leaf miniatures demonstrate direct expression and strong draughtsmanship, evolving over time to incorporate finer lines and detailed shading. The introduction of paper in the 14th century marked a new era in painting, with manuscripts showing elaborate decorations and intricate illustrations. The wooden covers, such as those illustrating Mahavira's life, reflect the aesthetic tastes of the time, blending traditional colours and motifs with evolving artistic styles. Overall, the miniatures offer a glimpse into the rich iconography, technical processes, and historical significance of Western Indian painting during the medieval period.