Summary: Eastern, particularly Syrian, influence is evident in the Rhine school of manuscripts commissioned by Charlemagne, with the rich Gospel from the diocese of Magonza being the oldest known Carolingian manuscript. Different groups of Carolingian illumination, such as the Rhenish school and other schools like Tours and Metz, show unique styles and influences. The impact of English monk Alcuin in the school of Tours is debated, with spectacular manuscripts like "The first Bible of Charles the Bald" reflecting a peak in expressive ability in the tenth century. Carolingian illumination evolves to depict portraits and historical events with a dynamic and expressive style, contrasting with the frozen Byzantine style. The transitions in art styles across Europe, from Carolingian to Gothic to the influence of Italian art, show a transformation over time with influences from international sources, reflecting the evolving tastes and trends in the Middle Ages. Diversity in styles and influences, ranging from Byzantine to Gothic to Italian, shaped the art traditions across Europe as illustrated in various manuscripts and frescoes.