Summary: these luxurious Psalters were often commissioned as gifts for women of high social standing, becoming a symbol of their rank and piety. The Romanesque period saw the production of magnificent Bibles across France and Northern Europe, characterized by their large format and lavish decoration. The Manerius Bible, for example, demonstrates a shift towards the Gothic style with its eye-pleasing ornaments and monumental format. In addition, the rise in popularity of private Psalters among noblewomen marked a new trend in book illumination, as these lavish manuscripts became a status symbol and expression of faith. Psalters from the 12th century paved the way for the golden age of Psalter illustration in the 13th century, linking the Romanesque and Gothic periods in the history of miniature painting.