Summary: The text discusses various aspects related to South Indian villages, including the sociological analysis of rural life, the impact of developmental policies, and the challenges faced by the agrarian society. It emphasizes the failure of government measures to address key issues, such as agricultural production, social stratification, and community development. Scholars and evaluators highlight the discrepancies, limitations, and unhealthy trends within the rural development programs. The transition in family, caste, and institutional life, as well as the standard of living in rural communities, is also evaluated. The text calls for a more comprehensive and balanced approach towards rural studies, combining economic and sociological perspectives to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics of rural society. The need for bold and radical steps to address the challenges faced by the agrarian society, including land management and economic development, is emphasized for sustainable progress in rural areas.