Summary: Post-revolutionary France saw the emergence of new social theories from influential thinkers such as Haüy, Comte, and Troeltsch. While Comte emphasized rationality in shaping societal structures, Haüy focused on moral education and public rationality through his Positivist Church. Troeltsch, on the other hand, contributed valuable insights in sociology of religion. The text also delves into criminology, tracing its roots in anthropology and psychology, tackling aspects like criminal behavior, policing procedures, and penology. Additionally, Booth's poverty survey underscores the economic roots of poverty, challenging Victorian middle-class perceptions of individual immorality. Discussions on cultural aspects, like Talcott Parsons’ symbolic interpretation and Sorokin's cultural perspective, offer diverse views. The text further touches on positivism and logical positivism, highlighting varying philosophical standpoints on the meaning of statements and theories. Ultimately, a blend of social, economic, and philosophical perspectives enrich the discourse on societal structures, cultural symbolism, and criminal behavior, shaping the evolution of social theories in the 19th and 20th centuries.