Summary: Moon must shine by reflected light and that its dark portions were due to shadows. Modern knowledge of the Moon has advanced significantly due to the advent of space exploration. The successful Ranger and Surveyor missions have provided detailed photographs and measurements of the lunar surface, showing that the big craters are mostly due to primary collisions, not sinking into cavities. The existence of secondary craters and collapse features on the Moon supports this theory. The nature of lunar soil has been studied, finding the bearing strength suitable for landing operations, as confirmed by Luna IX and Surveyor 1 landings. Future explorations aim to install delicate recording and measuring equipment on the lunar surface to answer broader questions about lunar constitution, history, and relationship to Earth. The study of the Moon is crucial in understanding the early history of the solar system and may provide valuable insights into the evolution of celestial bodies.