Summary: on the deep-seated socio-religious divisions in Bengal society that came to the surface during the Swadeshi movement between 1903-1908. The text highlights the nostalgia among nationalist leaders for a bygone era of Hindu-Muslim unity, juxtaposed with the emergence of the 'two-nation theory' asserting fundamental differences between Hindus and Muslims. The communal tensions exposed during the period were exacerbated by economic changes, British colonial policies, and the rise of religious revivalist movements like the Wahhabis and Faraizis among Muslims. The text also sheds light on the internal rifts within the Muslim community, with some leaders aligning with the Swadeshi movement while others remained politically neutral or hostile. The narrative captures the complex interplay between religious identity, economic disparities, and political mobilization that underpinned the Hindu-Muslim relations in Bengal during the early 20th century.