Summary: Third. Zemindari estates in Northern India were hereditary and cosidered as property, but the state's share of revenue was subject to changes. The British introduced the Zamindari system by giving proprietors absolute ownership of the land but imposing revenue obligations. Fourth. Landlords, under the British rule, were often powerful, exploiting tenants and maintaining control through various means like confiscation. The system differed across regions, with some areas favoring small landholdings, while others had large estates. Lastly, the British administration attempted various reforms in land tenure and revenue collection to balance landlord-tenant relations, but challenges like high taxation and inadequate land for peasants persisted. The historical evolution of landholding in India reflects a complex interplay of traditional systems, colonial interventions, and efforts towards reform to address the socio-economic dynamics of the time.