Summary: the sources of Indian wealth, namely, the shipping industry, textile goods, and the excess value of foreign goods brought back by ships. The estimates suggest that India may have been a bit poorer during Akbar’s reign compared to the present day. The annual output of ships, the textile trade, and the value of foreign goods were substantial but not significantly higher than current levels. The analysis indicates that the overall economic status of India during that era was not remarkably different from the present, with a level of wealth that was relatively stable and sustainable.