Summary:  of inference and not systematic classifications like those given in Nyaya sutras. The Nyaya sutras also recognize the importance of conjecture (apanapoddha) in the process of inference, which is not explicitly mentioned in the Vaigesika sutras. The observations of the Vaigesika and Nyaya systems on perception, inference, and other epistemological issues are in dialogue with each other, pointing to a complex and interconnected development of philosophical thought in ancient India. The study of these texts provides a window into the diverse and nuanced intellectual traditions that characterized Indian philosophical thought.