Summary: The text presents a detailed critique and examination of various philosophical theories, including the Saugata's theory, Sautrantika's view, Pasupati adhi, and others. The text refutes the notion that objects may be known even if non-existent at the moment and highlights the futility of efforts to infer the truth. It also challenges the viewpoints of Madhyamika, Ekas? arhata, and others, pointing out inconsistencies and contradictions in their theories. With a focus on the nature of perceptions of the external world and the role of meditation in understanding the divine, the text delves into intricate philosophical debates on causality, doership, and the existence of the universe. Through detailed analyses and refutations, the text navigates through various philosophical perspectives, emphasizing the importance of critical inquiry and logical reasoning in understanding complex metaphysical concepts.